Roller Set and Pipe Elements

ABSTRACT

A roller set for roll forming pipe elements has an outer roller that engages the pipe element at three points to prevent teetering of the pipe element. Inner and outer rollers cooperate to form pipe elements having a projection engageable by keys of mechanical couplings, the projection extending beyond the outer surface of the pipe element and increasing the pressure and bending performance of the combination pipe elements and coupling.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention concerns rollers for forming features in ends of pipeelements and also encompasses pipe elements formed by rollers andcombinations of pipe elements and couplings joining them end to end.

BACKGROUND

Circumferential grooves and other features such as shoulders and beadsmay be formed in pipe elements by various methods, one of particularinterest being roll grooving. Roll grooving methods involve engaging aninner roller with an inner surface of a pipe element and an outer rollerwith an outer surface of the pipe element opposite to the inner rollerand incrementally compressing the sidewall of the pipe element betweenthe rollers while rotating at least one of the rollers. Rotation of oneroller (often the inner roller) causes relative rotation between theroller set and the pipe element, and features on the inner and outerrollers form corresponding features on the inner and outer surfaces ofthe pipe element. In one example roll grooving method the rollers remainin a fixed location and the pipe element rotates about its longitudinalaxis relative to the rollers. In another example embodiment the pipeelement remains stationary and the roller set traverses the pipeelement's circumference.

One disadvantage of roll grooving is manifest when forming acircumferential groove in the outer surface of the pipe element near anopen end. The circumferential groove is formed when a raisedcircumferential feature on the outer roller cooperates with acircumferential recess on the inner roller positioned opposite to theraised feature. During groove formation, the open end of the pipeelement may become enlarged at the end of the pipe element; the endtakes on a “bell” shape, flaring outwardly as an unwanted consequencewhen the material of the pipe is deformed to form the groove. Pipe endflare is unwanted because it can change the critical outer diameter ofthe pipe element at the end where it is most important not to exceed amaximum tolerance so that, for example, the pipe element may properlyengage mechanical fittings or couplings and form a fluid tight joint.There is clearly a need for grooving rollers and a method of rollgrooving which mitigates or eliminates pipe end flare.

Furthermore, pipe elements joined by mechanical couplings often use aflexible seal or gasket to effect a fluid tight seal. The gasket hassealing surfaces that are compressed against the outer surfaces of thepipe elements by the couplings. It is advantageous to improve thesurface finish of the pipe elements in the region where they are engagedby the sealing surfaces to provide effective surface contact to ensure agood seal.

SUMMARY

The invention concerns a roller set for forming regions of a pipeelement having an inner and an outer surface. In one embodiment, theroller set comprises an inner roller engageable with the inner surfaceand an outer roller engageable with the outer surface. In a particularembodiment the outer roller comprises an outer roller body rotatableabout a first axis. A first raised feature, engageable with the pipeelement extends circumferentially about the outer roller body andprojects radially from the first axis. A second raised feature,engageable with the pipe element, extends circumferentially about theouter roller body and projects radially from the first axis. The secondraised feature is positioned adjacent to the first raised feature. Athird raised feature, engageable with the pipe element, extendscircumferentially about the outer roller body and projects radially fromthe first axis. The second raised feature is positioned between thefirst and third raised features.

In one example embodiment the second raised feature comprises a ringsurrounding the outer roller body. The ring is rotatable about the firstaxis relatively to the outer roller body. This example further comprisesa plurality of bearings positioned between the ring and the outer rollerbody.

By way of example the first raised feature comprises a conical surfaceextending lengthwise along the outer roller body. The conical surfacehas a smaller radius positioned adjacent to the second raised featureand a larger radius positioned distal to the second raised feature.

In another example the third raised feature comprises a curved surfacehaving a maximum radius substantially equal to the larger radius of theconical surface, the radii being measured from the first axis.

By way of further example the second raised feature comprises aprojection defined by a first surface facing the first raised featureand oriented substantially perpendicularly to the first axis. A secondsurface is oriented substantially parallel to the first axis, and athird surface facing the third raised feature is oriented angularly withrespect to the first axis. In another example the third raised featureis oriented substantially perpendicularly with respect to the firstaxis.

By way of example the first raised feature comprises a flat surfaceoriented substantially parallel with respect to the first axis. Inanother example the first raised feature further comprises a curvedsurface, the flat surface being positioned between the curved surfaceand the second raised feature.

In an example embodiment the third raised feature comprises a curvedsurface having a maximum radius substantially equal to a maximum radiusof the curved surface of comprising the first raised feature, the radiibeing measured from the first axis.

In another example embodiment the inner roller comprises an inner rollerbody rotatable about a second axis. A flange extends circumferentiallyaround the inner roller body and projects transversely to the secondaxis. A first depression extends circumferentially around the innerroller body and is positioned adjacent to the flange. A seconddepression extends circumferentially around the inner roller body and ispositioned adjacent to the first depression. In this example, when theinner and outer rollers cooperate to form the region of the pipe elementthe first and second raised features align respectively with the firstand second depressions.

In an example embodiment the inner roller further comprises a thirddepression extending circumferentially around the inner roller body andpositioned adjacent to the second depression. When the inner and outerrollers cooperate to form the region of the pipe element the first,second and third raised features align respectively with the first,second and third depressions.

In a further example a projection extends circumferentially around theinner roller body and projects radially from the second axis. Theprojection is positioned between the first and second depressions andhas a radius greater than the radius of a portion of the inner rollerproximate to the second depression. By way of example the second raisedfeature of the outer roller comprises a first projection extendingcircumferentially around the outer roller body and projecting radiallyfrom the first axis. The first projection has a first contact width overwhich it contacts the outer surface of the pipe element during rollforming. The example roller set further comprises a second projectionextending circumferentially around the inner roller and projectingradially from a second axis arranged coaxially with the inner roller.The second projection has a second contact width over which it contactsthe inner surface of the pipe element during roll forming. By way ofexample the second contact width is narrower than the first contactwidth.

The invention further encompasses a method for forming a region of pipeelement using an example roller set according to the invention. In oneexample the method comprises positioning the inner surface of the pipeelement on the inner roller and moving the second raised feature of theouter roller into contact with the outer surface of the pipe element. Inthis example the first, second and third raised features alignrespectively with the first, second and third depressions. The examplealso includes rotating the inner roller, thereby rotating the pipeelement and the outer roller. While rotating the rollers and the pipeelement, the example method calls for forcing the inner and outerrollers toward one another to deform the pipe element between the secondraised feature and the second depression. In this example method, uponcontinued movement of the inner and outer rollers toward one another,the method call for contacting the pipe element with the first raisedfeature and the third raised feature.

In a particular example, the method further comprises positioning an endof the pipe element in contact with a flange positioned on the innerroller. The example method also comprises moving the second raisedfeature of the outer roller into contact with the outer surface of thepipe element with the first and second axes being substantially parallelwith one another. Also by way of example, the method comprises rotatingthe inner roller before moving the second raised feature of the outerroller into contact with the outer surface of the pipe element.

In one example of the method the first raised feature contacts the pipeelement before the third raised feature. In another example method thethird raised feature contacts the pipe element before the first raisedfeature. In yet another example method, the first and third raisedfeatures contact the pipe element substantially simultaneously.

In an example method, the first raised feature contacts the pipe elementat an end thereof. In another example method the first raised featurecontacts the pipe element over a region in spaced relation to an endthereof. An example method further comprises angularly orienting alongitudinal axis of the pipe element with a longitudinal axis of theinner roller. The example method comprises orienting the longitudinalaxis of the pipe element at an orientation angle with respect to thelongitudinal axis of the inner roller from about 1° to about 3°.

In one example, the method comprises:

-   -   positioning the inner surface of the pipe element on the inner        roller with the inner surface contacting the second contact        width of the second projection;    -   moving the first contact width of the first projection into        contact with the outer surface of the pipe element, the first        and second axes being substantially parallel with one another;    -   rotating the inner roller, thereby rotating the pipe element and        the outer roller;    -   while rotating the rollers and the pipe element, forcing the        inner and outer rollers toward one another to deform the pipe        element between the first and second projections.

A particular example of the method comprises contacting the innersurface of the pipe element with the second contact width wherein thesecond contact width is narrower than the first contact width.

The invention also includes a roller set for forming regions of a pipeelement having an inner and an outer surface. In this example the rollerset comprises an inner roller engageable with the inner surface and anouter roller engageable with the outer surface. By way of example theouter roller comprises an outer roller body rotatable about a firstaxis. A first raised feature, engageable with the pipe element extendscircumferentially about the outer roller body and projects radially fromthe first axis. A second raised feature, engageable with the pipeelement extends circumferentially about the outer roller body andprojects radially from the first axis, the second raised feature beingpositioned adjacent to the first raised feature. Further by way ofexample the inner roller comprises an inner roller body rotatable abouta second axis. A first depression extends circumferentially around theinner roller body. A second depression extends circumferentially aroundthe inner roller body and is positioned adjacent to the firstdepression. A projection extends circumferentially around the innerroller body and projects radially from the second axis, the projectionbeing positioned between the first and second depressions and having aradius greater than the radius of a portion of the inner rollerproximate to the second depression. In this example, when the inner andouter rollers cooperate to form the region of the pipe element the firstand second raised features align respectively with the first and seconddepressions.

The example further comprises a third raised feature engageable with thepipe element and extending circumferentially about the outer roller bodyand projecting radially from the first axis. The second raised featureis positioned between the first and third raised features in thisexample.

The example roller set further comprises a flange extendingcircumferentially around the inner roller body and projectingtransversely to the second axis. In this example the first depression ispositioned between the second depression and the flange.

The invention further encompasses a pipe element. In one exampleembodiment the pipe element comprises an outer surface surrounding alongitudinal axis. The pipe element has at least one end, and a grooveis positioned in the outer surface proximate to the at least one end.The groove extends circumferentially around the pipe element. By way ofexample the groove comprises a first side surface proximate to the atleast one end, a floor surface contiguous with the first side surfaceand a second side surface contiguous with the floor surface. In thisexample the second side surface is in spaced relation to the first sidesurface and the first side surface projects radially outwardly beyond aremainder of the outer surface of the pipe element. A tooling mark ispositioned in the outer surface and extend circumferentially around thepipe element. In a particular example the tooling mark comprises adepression in the outer surface. In another example the tooling markcomprises indicia embossed in the outer surface. By way of furtherexample the first side surface is oriented substantially perpendicularlyto the longitudinal axis and the floor surface is oriented substantiallyparallel to the longitudinal axis. In an example embodiment the secondside surface is oriented substantially angularly with respect to thelongitudinal axis. In another embodiment the second side surface isoriented substantially perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis.

The invention further encompasses a combination of at least one pipeelement and a coupling. In an example embodiment of such a combinationthe coupling comprises a plurality of segments attached end to endsurrounding a central space. The at least one pipe element is receivedwithin the central space. Each of the segments has at least one keyprojecting toward the central space. The at least one key engages thegroove. In an example embodiment the at least one key comprises a firstkey surface engaged with the first side surface of the groove. A secondkey surface is contiguous with the first key surface and faces the floorsurface of the groove, and a third key surface is contiguous with thesecond key surface, the third key surface facing the second side surfaceof the groove.

In a particular example embodiment, the first side surface of the grooveand the first key surface of the at least one key are orientedsubstantially perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis. By way offurther example, the second side surface of the groove and the third keysurface of the at least one key are oriented angularly to thelongitudinal axis, the second side surface engaging the third keysurface. In another example embodiment the third key surface has anorientation angle relative to the longitudinal axis equal to anorientation angle of the second side surface. In an example embodimentthe second side surface of the groove and the third key surface of theat least one key are oriented substantially perpendicularly to thelongitudinal axis. In a particular example, the second key surface ofthe at least one key engages the floor surface of the groove.

In a specific example embodiment the coupling further comprisesconnection members positioned at opposite ends of each of the segments.The connection members are adjustably tightenable for drawing thesegments toward one another and the at least one key on each of thesegments into engagement with the groove. By way of example theconnection members on each of the segments comprise a pair ofprojections, one the projection being positioned on each of the oppositeends of the segments, the projections having holes to receive afastener, the fastener being adjustably tightenable. In a particularexample embodiment the coupling comprises two of the segments.

The invention further contemplates a pipe element. In one exampleembodiment the pipe element comprises an outer surface surrounding alongitudinal axis and has at least one end. A groove is positioned inthe outer surface proximate to the at least one end. The groove extendscircumferentially around the pipe element. By way of example the groovecomprises a first side surface proximate to the at least one end, thefirst side surface being substantially perpendicular to the longitudinalaxis; a floor surface contiguous with the first side surface andoriented substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis; and a secondside surface contiguous with the floor surface and orientedsubstantially angularly with respect to the longitudinal axis. In thisexample the first side surface projects radially outwardly beyond aremainder of the outer surface of the pipe element and a tooling mark ispositioned in the outer surface and extends circumferentially around thepipe element. In an example embodiment the tooling mark comprises adepression in the outer surface. In a further example the tooling markcomprises indicia embossed in the outer surface.

The invention further includes, by way of example, a combination of atleast one pipe element and a coupling. In a specific example thecoupling comprises a plurality of segments attached end to endsurrounding a central space. The at least one pipe element is receivedwithin the central space. Each of the segments has at least one keyprojecting toward the central space. The at least one key engages thegroove. By way of example the at least one key comprises a first keysurface oriented substantially perpendicularly to the longitudinal axisand engaged with the first side surface of the groove, a second keysurface contiguous with the first key surface and facing the floorsurface of the groove, and a third key surface contiguous with thesecond key surface. The third key surface is angularly oriented withrespect to the longitudinal axis and is engaged with the second sidesurface of the groove.

In an example embodiment the third key surface has an orientation anglerelative to the longitudinal axis equal to an orientation angle of thesecond side surface. By way of example the coupling further comprisesconnection members positioned at opposite ends of each of the segments.The connection members are adjustably tightenable for drawing thesegments toward one another and the at least one key on each of thesegments into engagement with the groove. In a specific example theconnection members on each of the segments comprise a pair ofprojections, one the projection being positioned on each of the oppositeends of the segments, the projections having holes to receive afastener, the fastener being adjustably tightenable. In a particularexample the coupling comprises two of the segments.

The invention further encompasses a pipe element,. By way of example thepipe element comprises an outer surface surrounding a longitudinal axisand has at least one end. A groove is positioned in the outer surfaceproximate to the at least one end. The groove extends circumferentiallyaround the pipe element. At least a portion of the outer surface of thepipe element between the groove and the at least one end is a burnishedsurface. By way of example a tooling mark is positioned in the outersurface and extends circumferentially around the pipe element. In aspecific example the tooling mark comprises a depression in the outersurface. By way of example the tooling mark comprises indicia embossedin the outer surface. In a specific example the burnished surfacecomprises a sealing surface engageable with a seal. By way of furtherexample the burnished surface is oriented substantially parallel to thelongitudinal axis. In a particular example the burnished surface ispositioned in spaced relation away from the at least one end. In anexample embodiment the burnished surface has a diameter tolerancesubstantially equal to a diameter tolerance of a floor of the groove. Byway of example the burnished surface has a diameter tolerance from about20% to about 50% of a diameter tolerance of the pipe element.

In another example pipe element according to the invention the groovecomprises a first side surface proximate to the at least one end, afloor surface contiguous with the first side surface and a second sidesurface contiguous with the floor surface. In this example the secondside surface is in spaced relation to the first side surface. In anexample embodiment the first side surface projects radially outwardlybeyond the outer surface of the pipe element in its entirety. By way ofexample the first side surface is oriented substantially perpendicularlyto the longitudinal axis. By way of example the floor surface isoriented substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. Further by wayof example the second side surface is oriented substantially angularlywith respect to the longitudinal axis. In another example embodiment thesecond side surface is oriented substantially perpendicularly to thelongitudinal axis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal sectional view of an example roller setaccording to the invention;

FIG. 1A shows a partial sectional view of a component of the roller setof FIG. 1 on an enlarged scale;

FIGS. 1B-1D and 1F show longitudinal sectional views of example rollersaccording to the invention;

FIG. 1E shows a partial sectional view of a component of the roller setof FIG. 1 on an enlarged scale;

FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal sectional view of another example roller setaccording to the invention;

FIGS. 2A-2C show longitudinal sectional views of example rollersaccording to the invention;

FIG. 3 shows an exploded isometric view of an example roller accordingto the invention;

FIGS. 4-7 are elevational views illustrating example roller sets in useroll forming pipe elements;

FIGS. 5A and 6A show longitudinal sectional views of the example rollerset in FIGS. 4-7 on an enlarged scale;

FIGS. 8 and 9 show partial longitudinal sectional views of example pipeelements roll formed according to the invention;

FIG. 10 is an isometric view of an example combination of pipe elementsand a coupling according to the invention;

FIG. 11 is an exploded isometric view of an example coupling; and

FIGS. 12 and 13 are longitudinal sectional views of example combinationsof pipe elements and a coupling according to the invention;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a roller set 10 for roll forming a pipe element (notshown). Roller set 10 comprises an inner roller 12 engageable with aninner surface of the pipe element, and an outer roller 14 engageablewith an outer surface of the pipe element. As described below, thesidewall of the pipe element is compressed between the inner and outerrollers 12 and 14 which cooperate to impart various shapes to thesurfaces and sidewall of the pipe element.

In the example embodiment of FIG. 1, outer roller 14 comprises a rollerbody 16 that is rotatable about a first axis 18. Axis 18 is alongitudinal axis, and the roller body 16 has a plurality of raisedfeatures 20, 22 and 24 that extend circumferentially around it andproject radially from axis 18. The first raised feature 20 is located onroller body 16 so that it can engage the outer surface of the pipeelement near its end and comprises a conical surface 26 extendinglengthwise along the roller body and projecting radially from axis 18.Conical surface 26 has a smaller radius 28 positioned adjacent to thesecond raised feature 22 and a larger radius 30 positioned distal to thesecond raised feature. First raised feature 20 is used to mitigate,control or prevent flaring of the end of the pipe element being workedbetween the rollers 12 and 14 as described in detail below.

FIG. 2 shows another example embodiment of a roller body 16 wherein thefirst raised feature 20 comprises a curved surface 36 and asubstantially flat surface 38 oriented substantially parallel withrespect to the axis 18. The curved surface 36 projects radially fromaxis 18 and is used to burnish the outer surface of the pipe elementnear its end as described below.

With reference again to FIG. 1, the second raised feature 22 is shown asa projection 40. As shown in FIG. 1A, projection 40 extendscircumferentially around the roller body 16 and is defined by a firstsurface 42 facing the first raised feature 20 and oriented substantiallyperpendicularly to the axis 18, a second surface 44 contiguous with thefirst surface 42 and, in this example, oriented substantially parallelto the axis 18, and a third surface 46 contiguous with the secondsurface 44 and facing the third raised feature 24. In this example thethird surface 46 is oriented angularly with respect to the axis 18.

FIG. 2 shows the example roller body 16 wherein the second raisedfeature 22 is shown as a projection 48. Projection 48 extendscircumferentially around the roller body 16 and is defined by a firstsurface 50 facing the first raised feature 20 and oriented substantiallyperpendicularly to the axis 18, a second surface 52 contiguous with thefirst surface 50 and, in this example, oriented substantially parallelto the axis 18, and a third surface 54 contiguous with the secondsurface 52 and facing the third raised feature 24. In this example thethird surface 54 is oriented substantially perpendicularly to the axis18. In the example roller embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 the secondraised feature 22, in either form, is used to form a circumferentialgroove in the pipe element as described below.

As shown in FIGS. 1A and 2, the third raised feature 24 comprises acurved surface 56 that projects radially from axis 18 and has a maximumradius 58 which may be substantially equal to the maximum radius 59 ofthe curved surface 36 of the first raised feature 20 (FIG. 2), or thelarger radius 30 of the conical surface 26 (FIG. 1A). Curved surface 56of the third raised feature 24 is used to prevent the pipe element fromteetering and thereby losing tracking stability when the first andsecond raised features 20 and 22 engage the pipe element as describedbelow.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, it is sometimes advantageous to position thesecond raised feature 22 on a ring 60. Ring 60 surrounds the outerroller body 16 and is rotatable independently thereof about the axis 18.Bearings 62 may be positioned between the ring 60 and the outer rollerbody 16 to reduce friction between the ring 60 and the roller body 16.By allowing the ring to rotate independently of the roller body,friction between the outer roller 14 and the pipe element is reduced.Friction between the roller body and the pipe element occurs when raisedfeatures having different radii contact the pipe element. The linearspeed of the surface of the raised feature is proportional to its radiusfrom the axis of rotation (in this example axis 18). Thus, for a givenangular speed of the outer roller 14 and pipe element, the first andthird raised features 20 and 24 will have slower linear surface speedsthan the second raised feature 22 due to its larger radius. If thesecond raised feature 22 is not permitted to rotate independently of thefirst and third raised features 20 and 24, then there will be slippagebetween the pipe element and the first and third raised features (orvice versa) which will result in friction and concomitant heat andvibration. This is undesirable, hence the advantage of using ring 60with bearings 62.

While FIG. 1 illustrates an outer roller 14 with a second raised feature22 being a projection 40, and a first raised feature 20 comprising aconical surface 26, and FIG. 2 illustrates an outer roller 14 having itssecond raised feature 22 in the form of a projection 48 on a ring 60 andits first raised feature 20 comprising burnishing surface 38, it isunderstood that all combinations of these various features are feasible.For example, FIG. 1B illustrates an outer roller 14 having a projection48 as its second raised feature 22 and a conical surface 26 as its firstraised feature; FIG. 1C illustrates an outer roller 14 having aprojection 40 as its second raised feature 22 and a burnishing surface38 as its first raised feature 20; FIG. 1D illustrates an outer roller14 having a projection 48 as its second raised feature 22 and aburnishing surface 38 as its first raised feature 20; FIG. 2Aillustrates an outer roller 14 having a projection 40 as its secondraised feature 22 on a ring 60, and a conical surface 26 as its firstraised feature 20; FIG. 2B illustrates an outer roller 14 having aprojection 48 as its second raised feature 22 on a ring 60, and aconical surface 26 as its first raised feature 20; FIG. 2C illustratesan outer roller 14 having a projection 40 as its second raised feature22 on a ring 60, and a burnishing surface 38 as its first raised feature20.

FIGS. 1, 1E and 2 show an inner roller 12. In this example inner roller12 comprises an inner roller body 64 rotatable about a longitudinal axis66. A flange 68 extends circumferentially around the roller body 64 andprojects transversely to axis 66. A first depression 70 in the body 64extends circumferentially there around and is positioned adjacent to (inthis example, contiguous with) the flange 68. A second circumferentiallyextending depression 72 is positioned in the roller body 64 adjacent tothe first depression 70, and a third circumferentially extendingdepression 74 is positioned in the roller body 64 adjacent to the seconddepression. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the first, second and thirdraised features 20, 22 and 24 align respectively with the first, secondand third depressions 70, 72 and 74. Together the raised features 20, 22and 24 cooperate with the depressions 70, 72 and 74 to roll form thepipe element as described below.

The depressions 70, 72 and 74 shown in FIGS. 1, 1E and 2 are in partdefined by first, second and third lands 76, 78 and 80. First land 76 ispositioned between the first and second depressions 70 and 72, thesecond land 78 is positioned between the second and third depressions 72and 74 and the third land 80 is positioned on roller body 64 adjacent tothe third depression 74. First, second and third lands 76, 78 and 80advantageously have substantially flat, relatively broad surfaces 82which engage the pipe element during roll forming. Land surfaces 82 maybe knurled to provide purchase between the inner roller 12 and the pipeelement to facilitate rotation of the pipe element without significantslippage between it and the inner roller 12 when the inner roller is thedriven roller as described below. In the example inner roller 12 shownin FIG. 2, the first land 76 has a land surface 82 similar to the secondand third lands 78 and 80. However, in the example inner roller 12 ofFIGS. 1 and 1E, the first land 76 comprises a projection 84 that extendscircumferentially around inner roller body 64 and project radially fromaxis 66. Projection 84 has a maximum diameter 86 greater than themaximum diameter of the remaining portion of the inner roller 12 exceptfor flange 68. Projection 84 cooperates with the second raised feature22 to roll form pipe elements having a circumferential groove wherein aside surface of the groove projects beyond the surface of the pipeelement as described below. Comparison of FIGS. 1A and 1E showsrespective contact widths 40 a on projection 40 and 84 a on projection84. Contact widths 40 a and 84 a are the linear distance over which theprojections 40 and 84 contact the pipe element during roll forming. Ithas been determined that the relative size of these two contact widths40 a and 84 a controls the height of enlargement of the groove sidesurface beyond the surface of the pipe as described below.

Another embodiment of inner roller 12 is shown in FIG. 1F. In thisembodiment, inner roller 12 comprises a body 64 having a flange 68, andfirst and second depressions 70 and 72 separated from one another by aland 76.

Operation of the roller set 10 is illustrated in FIGS. 4-7. As shown inFIG. 4, inner roller 12 is the driven roller (rotated, for example by anelectric motor, not shown) and outer roller 14 is an idler. The outerroller 14 is positioned on an adjustable yoke 90 allowing the outerroller to be moved toward and away from the inner roller 12. Yoke 90 isadvantageously movable by a hydraulic actuator (not shown) but othertypes of actuators are also feasible. With the outer roller 14 movedaway from the inner roller 12, an inner surface 92 of the pipe element94 is positioned on the inner roller 12. It is advantageous for thelongitudinal axis 96 of pipe element 94 to be angularly orientedinitially with respect to the axis of rotation 66 of the inner roller12. Relative orientation angles 98 from about 1° to about 3° areeffective for keeping the pipe element 94 reliably in contact with theroller set, as it is found that the pipe element 94, pinched between therollers 12 and 14, will be drawn toward the flange 68 as the rollersrotate if an orientation angle 98 between the longitudinal axis 96 ofthe pipe element 94 and the inner roller 12 is maintained. Formation ofthe groove retains the pipe element 94 in engagement with the roller set10 during roll forming by mechanical engagement. If, however, the angle98 of the axis 96 of pipe element 94 relative to the axis 66 ispermitted to reverse before the groove begins to form then the pipeelement will spiral out of engagement with the roller set if notforcibly restrained.

As shown in FIG. 5, with axis 18 of outer roller 14 and axis 66 of innerroller 12 substantially parallel to one another, outer roller 14 ismoved into contact with the outer surface 100 of pipe element 94. Asshown in detail in FIG. 5A, there are three initial points of contactbetween the roller set 10 and the pipe element 94 as follows: point 102between the second raised feature 22 and the outer surface 100; point104 between the pipe element inner surface 92 and the projection 84 ofinner roller 12; and point 106 between pipe element inner surface 92 andthird land 80 of inner roller 12. As shown in FIG. 6, the outer roller14 is moved via yoke 90 toward the inner roller 12 as the roll set 10and pipe element 94 rotate to roll form the pipe element. Rotation iseffected by driving the inner roller 12 about axis 66 in this example,which causes the pipe element 94 and outer roller 14 to rotate aboutaxes 96 and 18 respectively. As shown in FIG. 6A, as the pipe element 94deforms due to contact with second raised feature 22, the first raisedfeature 20 begins to engage the pipe element 94 at or near its end, forexample to prevent the end from flaring (shown) or to burnish a portionof the surface as would occur if the outer roller 14 of FIG. 2 wereused. Forced contact between the first raised feature 20 and the end ofthe pipe element 94 may cause the pipe element to teeter about theprojection 84 on inner roller 12 and lift off of the contact point 106(between inner surface 92 and third land 80). This teetering action mayreverse the orientation angle 98 between the pipe element's longitudinalaxis 96 and the axis 66 of the inner roller 12 (see FIG. 6) and causethe pipe element to spiral out of contact with the roller set 10.Relatively short pipe elements (5-6 feet or less) are particularly proneto this phenomenon. However, contact between the third raised feature 24and the outer surface 100 of the pipe element 94 counteracts thistendency for the pipe element to teeter and prevents the orientationangle 98 from reversing so that the pipe element 94 tracks toward theflange 68 and stays in contact with the roller set. Contact betwee thethird raised feature 24 and the outer surface 100 of the pipe element 94may first occur when the groove is about 50% to 70% formed. FIG. 7 showsthe formation of a circumferential groove 108, wherein the first, secondand third raised features 20, 22 and 24 are aligned with the first,second and third depressions 70, 72 and 74, the raised features anddepressions cooperating with one another to roll form the pipe element94. The third raised feature 24 also forms a tooling mark 109 in theouter surface 100 of the pipe element 94. Tooling mark 109 extendscircumferentially around the pipe element and may comprise a relativelyshallow depression and/or embossed indicia that identify the modelnumber and/or source of the product. The tooling mark may also provideevidence or guidance for proper installation of the pipe elementrelative to a coupling.

Timing of contact between the various raised features 20, 22, 24 and theouter surface 100 of pipe element 94 is controlled mainly by thegeometry of the outer roller 14 including the relative diameters of thefirst and third raised features 20 and 24. The geometry of the outerroller 14 for a particular size pipe element 94 may be arranged toensure that, for example, the first raised feature 20 contact the pipeelement before the third raised feature 24, or the third raised featurecontacts the pipe element before the first raised feature, or both thefirst and third raised features contact the pipe element substantiallysimultaneously. As shown in a comparison of FIGS. 1 and 2, the geometryof the outer roller 14 may also be tailored so that the first raisedfeature 20 contacts the pipe element substantially at an end thereof(FIG. 1), or over a region of the pipe element in spaced relation to theend (FIG. 2). The geometry of raised feature 20 of outer roller 14 shownin FIG. 1 is useful for preventing or mitigating flare of the pipeelement 94, and can also be used to roll form a conical taper to the endof a pipe element. The geometry of raised feature 20 of outer roller 14shown in FIG. 2 is useful for burnishing a portion of the outer surface100 of the pipe element 94 to provide a smooth surface that facilitatesa fluid tight seal with a gasket as described below. It is expected thatsurface finishes with a roughness (Ra) from about 250 μin to about 0.1μin (as measured according to ASME Y14.36M) will be achievable usingroller sets according to the invention, and that this range of surfaceroughness will provide an interface affording a fluid tight seal betweenthe pipe element and the gasket.

FIGS. 8 and 9 show example pipe elements roll formed using roller sets10 according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 8, pipe element 94 hasan end 110 and comprises a sidewall 112 between outer surface 100 andinner surface 92. Circumferential groove 108 is positioned in the outersurface 100 and comprises a first side surface 114 proximate to end 110,a floor surface 116 contiguous with the first side surface 114, and asecond side surface 118 contiguous with the floor surface 116 and inspaced relation to the first side surface 114. In this example pipeelement the floor surface 116 is oriented substantially parallel to axis96 and the second side surface 118 is oriented angularly with respectthereto. The first side surface 114 projects radially outwardly beyondthe outer surface 100 of the pipe element 94 in its entirety. Thisconfiguration of the first side surface 114 is achieved by interactionbetween the projection 84 on inner roller 12 and the second raisedfeature 22 on the outer roller 14 during roll forming. It has beendetermined that the configuration of the first side surface 114 issignificantly affected by the relative size of the contact width 84 a(see FIG. 1E) between projection 84 of inner roller 12 and the innersurface 92 of the pipe element 94, and the contact width 40 a (see FIG.1A) between the projection 40 on the outer roller 14 and the outersurface 100 of the pipe element. Specifically, it is found that makingthe contact width 84 a of projection 84 on inner roller 12 narrower thanthe contact width 40 a of projection 40 on outer roller 14 forms sidesurface 114 so that it projects radially outwardly beyond the outersurface 100 of the pipe element 94 in its entirety as desired. Theprojecting side surface 114 significantly improves the performance ofthe pipe element with respect to pressure capability and bendingstiffness and strength when mechanical couplings are used to join pipeelements having projecting side surfaces 114 as shown in FIG. 8. Testshave shown a factor of three improvement in maximum pressure to failureand significant improvement is expected in bending capability as well.The effects are manifest for pipe elements having a thin sidewall 112,for example up to about 0.079 inches (2 mm). Similar improvement inperformance is also expected for pipe elements having sidewallthicknesses as great as ½ to ¾ inches. FIG. 8 also shows pipe element 94having a conically tapered end 110 formed using the outer roller 14shown in FIG. 1. The advantages to tapering the pipe end 110 are thatflare is eliminated and the outer diameter of the pipe element iscontrollable to a much smaller tolerance than the normal manufacturingtolerances. The tapered end serves as a lead in during assembly, andpromotes insertion by exerting a prying force to separate the couplingsegments.

FIG. 9 shows a pipe element 94 having an end 110 and comprising asidewall 112 between outer surface 100 and inner surface 92. Acircumferential groove 108 is positioned in the outer surface 100 andcomprises a first side surface 114 proximate to end 110, a floor surface116 contiguous with the first side surface 114, and a second sidesurface 118 contiguous with the floor surface 116 and in spaced relationto the first side surface 114. In this example pipe element the firstand second side surfaces 114 and 118 are oriented substantiallyperpendicularly to the axis 96 and the floor surface 116 is orientedsubstantially parallel thereto. FIG. 9 also shows pipe element 94 havinga burnished surface 120 positioned between the groove 108 and the end110 of the pipe element. In this example pipe element the burnishedsurface 120 is oriented substantially parallel to the axis 96 and ispositioned in spaced relation away from the end 110 of the pipe element94. The advantage to including a burnished surface region on the pipeelement is that it provides a sealing surface, i.e., a smooth surface toaccept a seal. This ensures that a fluid tight joint is created when thepipe elements are joined by a mechanical coupling as described below. Itis advantageous to control the diameter 121 of the burnished surface120. In one example, the tolerance on the diameter 121 may besubstantially equal to the tolerance on the diameter 119 of the groovefloor surface 116. In another example, the tolerance on the diameter 121of the burnished surface 120 may be from about 20% to about 50% of thetolerance on the pipe element diameter 123, the actual tolerance varyingas a function of the size of the pipe element.

FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate, in combination, pipe elements 94 joined endto end via a mechanical coupling 122. Coupling 122 comprises a pluralityof segments 124, in this example two segments, attached end to end andsurrounding a central space 126. Connection members 128, in this examplecomprising projections 130, are positioned on opposite ends of eachsegment 124. The connection members effect a connection between thesegments and are adjustably tightenable to draw the segments toward oneanother. In this example adjustable tightening is effected by bolts 132and nuts 134 that are received within aligned holes 136 in eachprojection 130.

As shown in FIG. 12, each segment 124 further comprises at least one key138. Keys 138 project toward the central space 126 and each key engagesa groove 108 in pipe elements 94. FIG. 12 shows an example combinationof coupling 122 and pipe elements 94 joined in end to end relationwherein the keys 138 each comprise a first key surface 140 engaged withthe first side surface 114 of groove 108; a second key surface 142,contiguous with the first key surface and facing the floor surface 116of the groove 108, and a third key surface 144, contiguous with thesecond key surface and engaged with the second side surface 118 ofgroove 108. In the example combination of FIG. 12, the key surfaces 140,142 and 144 have the same orientation as the corresponding surfaces 114,116 and 118 that they engage. Thus the first key surface 140 and thefirst side surface 114 are oriented substantially perpendicularly withrespect to the longitudinal axis 96 of the pipe elements 94, the secondkey surface 142 and the floor surface 116 are substantially parallel tothe axis 96, and the third key surface 144 and the second side surface118 are oriented angularly with respect to axis 96. FIG. 12 also showsan example combination embodiment wherein the first side surface 114projects radially outwardly beyond the outer surface 100 of the pipeelement 94 in its entirety, as would be formed by the roller set 10shown in FIG. 1. This is a high performance joint for pressure andbending moment loading by virtue of the radially projecting first sidesurface 114 of the groove 108. FIG. 12 also shows a conically taperedend 110 of pipe element 94, wherein flare was eliminated and the pipeelement diameter at the end is controlled to a tighter tolerance thanprovided during manufacture of the pipe element.

In the example combination shown in FIG. 13, each segment 124 againcomprises at least one key 146. Keys 146 project toward the centralspace 126 and each key engages a groove 108 in pipe elements 94. FIG. 13shows an example combination of coupling 122 and pipe elements 94 joinedin end to end relation wherein the keys 146 each comprise a first keysurface 148 engaged with the first side surface 114 of groove 108; asecond key surface 150, contiguous with the first key surface and facingthe floor surface 116 of the groove 108, and a third key surface 152,contiguous with the second key surface and facing the second sidesurface 118 of groove 108. In the example combination of FIG. 13, thekey surfaces 148, 150 and 152 have the same orientation as thecorresponding surfaces 114, 116 and 118 that they engage or face. Thusthe first key surface 148 and the first side surface 114 are orientedsubstantially perpendicularly with respect to the longitudinal axis 96of the pipe elements 94, the second key surface 150 and the floorsurface 116 are substantially parallel to the axis 96, and the third keysurface 152 and the second side surface 118 are also orientedsubstantially perpendicularly with respect to axis 96. FIG. 13 alsoshows a burnished surface 120 positioned between the groove 108 and theend 110 of pipe element 94. In this example pipe element the burnishedsurface 120 is oriented substantially parallel to the axis 96 and ispositioned in spaced relation away from the end 110 of the pipe element94. The advantage to including a burnished surface region on the pipeelement is that it provides a smooth surface to accept the sealingsurface of a gasket 154 (see also FIG. 11) captured between the segments124 and the pipe elements 94. This ensures that a fluid tight joint iscreated when the segments 124 are drawn toward one another by bolts 132to compress the gasket 154 and engage the keys 138 with the grooves 108in the pipe elements 94 (see FIG. 10). It is understood that the examplecombinations of couplings and pipe elements according to the inventioncould have any combination of the features shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.

What is claimed is:
 1. A roller set for forming regions of a pipeelement having an inner and an outer surface, said roller setcomprising: an inner roller engageable with said inner surface; an outerroller engageable with said outer surface, said outer roller comprising:an outer roller body rotatable about a first axis; a first raisedfeature, engageable with said pipe element and extendingcircumferentially about said outer roller body and projecting radiallyfrom said first axis; a second raised feature, engageable with said pipeelement and extending circumferentially about said outer roller body andprojecting radially from said first axis, said second raised featurebeing positioned adjacent to said first raised feature; a third raisedfeature, engageable with said pipe element and extendingcircumferentially about said outer roller body and projecting radiallyfrom said first axis, said second raised feature being positionedbetween said first and third raised features.
 2. The roller setaccording to claim 1, wherein said second raised feature comprises aring surrounding said outer roller body, said ring being rotatable aboutsaid first axis relatively to said outer roller body.
 3. The roller setaccording to claim 2, further comprising a plurality of bearingspositioned between said ring and said outer roller body.
 4. The rollerset according to claim 1, wherein said first raised feature comprises aconical surface extending lengthwise along said outer roller body, saidconical surface having a smaller radius positioned adjacent to saidsecond raised feature and a larger radius positioned distal to saidsecond raised feature.
 5. The roller set according to claim 4, whereinsaid third raised feature comprises a curved surface having a maximumradius substantially equal to said larger radius of said conicalsurface, said radii being measured from said first axis.
 6. The rollerset according to claim 5, wherein said second raised feature comprises aprojection defined by a first surface facing said first raised featureand oriented substantially perpendicularly to said first axis, a secondsurface oriented substantially parallel to said first axis, and a thirdsurface facing said third raised feature and oriented angularly withrespect to said first axis.
 7. The roller set according to claim 5,wherein said second raised feature comprises a projection defined by afirst surface facing said first raised feature and orientedsubstantially perpendicularly to said first axis, a second surfaceoriented substantially parallel to said first axis, and a third surfacefacing said third raised feature and oriented substantiallyperpendicularly with respect to said first axis.
 8. The roller setaccording to claim 4, wherein said second raised feature comprises aprojection defined by a first surface facing said first raised featureand oriented substantially perpendicularly to said first axis, a secondsurface oriented substantially parallel to said first axis, and a thirdsurface facing said third raised feature and oriented angularly withrespect to said first axis.
 9. The roller set according to claim 4,wherein said second raised feature comprises a projection defined by afirst surface facing said first raised feature and orientedsubstantially perpendicularly to said first axis, a second surfaceoriented substantially parallel to said first axis, and a third surfacefacing said third raised feature and oriented substantiallyperpendicularly with respect to said first axis.
 10. The roller setaccording to claim 1, wherein said first raised feature comprises a flatsurface oriented substantially parallel with respect to said first axis.11. The roller set according to claim 10, wherein said first raisedfeature further comprises a curved surface, said flat surface beingpositioned between said curved surface and said second raised feature.12. The roller set according to claim 10, wherein said third raisedfeature comprises a curved surface having a maximum radius substantiallyequal to a maximum radius of said curved surface of comprising saidfirst raised feature, said radii being measured from said first axis.13. The roller set according to claim 10, wherein said second raisedfeature comprises a projection defined by a first surface facing saidfirst raised feature and oriented substantially perpendicularly to saidfirst axis, a second surface oriented substantially parallel to saidfirst axis, and a third surface facing said third raised feature andoriented angularly with respect to said first axis.
 14. The roller setaccording to claim 10, wherein said second raised feature comprises aprojection defined by a first surface facing said first raised featureand oriented substantially perpendicularly to said first axis, a secondsurface oriented substantially parallel to said first axis, and a thirdsurface facing said third raised feature and oriented substantiallyperpendicularly with respect to said first axis.
 15. The roller setaccording to claim 1, wherein said inner roller comprises: an innerroller body rotatable about a second axis; a flange extendingcircumferentially around said inner roller body and projectingtransversely to said second axis; a first depression extendingcircumferentially around said inner roller body and positioned adjacentto said flange; a second depression extending circumferentially aroundsaid inner roller body and positioned adjacent to said first depression;wherein when said inner and outer rollers cooperate to form said regionof said pipe element said first and second raised features alignrespectively with said first and second depressions.
 16. The roller setaccording to claim 15, further comprising a third depression extendingcircumferentially around said inner roller body and positioned adjacentto said second depression, and wherein when said inner and outer rollerscooperate to form said region of said pipe element said first, secondand third raised features align respectively with said first, second andthird depressions.
 17. The roller set according to claim 15, furthercomprising a projection extending circumferentially around said innerroller body and projecting radially from said second axis, saidprojection being positioned between said first and second depressionsand having a radius greater than the radius of a portion of said innerroller proximate to said second depression.
 18. The roller set accordingto claim 1, wherein said second raised feature of said outer rollercomprises a first projection extending circumferentially around saidouter roller body and projecting radially from said first axis, saidfirst projection having a first contact width over which it contactssaid outer surface of said pipe element during roll forming, said rollerset further comprising a second projection extending circumferentiallyaround said inner roller and projecting radially from a second axisarranged coaxially with said inner roller, said second projection havinga second contact width over which it contacts said inner surface of saidpipe element during roll forming.
 19. The roller set according to claim18, wherein said second contact width is narrower than said firstcontact width.
 20. A method for forming a region of a pipe element usingthe roller set according to claim 16, said method comprising:positioning said inner surface of said pipe element on said innerroller; moving said second raised feature of said outer roller intocontact with said outer surface of said pipe element, said first, secondand third raised features aligning respectively with said first, secondand third depressions; rotating said inner roller, thereby rotating saidpipe element and said outer roller; while rotating said rollers and saidpipe element, forcing said inner and outer rollers toward one another todeform said pipe element between said second raised feature and saidsecond depression; upon continued movement of said inner and outerrollers toward one another, contacting said pipe element with said firstraised feature and said third raised feature.
 21. The method accordingto claim 20, further comprising positioning an end of said pipe elementin contact with a flange positioned on said inner roller.
 22. The methodaccording to claim 20, further comprising moving said second raisedfeature of said outer roller into contact with said outer surface ofsaid pipe element with said first and second axes being substantiallyparallel with one another.
 23. The method according to claim 20,comprising rotating said inner roller before moving said second raisedfeature of said outer roller into contact with said outer surface ofsaid pipe element.
 24. The method according to claim 20, wherein saidfirst raised feature contacts said pipe element before said third raisedfeature.
 25. The method according to claim 20, wherein said third raisedfeature contacts said pipe element before said first raised feature. 26.The method according to claim 20, wherein said first and third raisedfeatures contact said pipe element substantially simultaneously.
 27. Themethod according to claim 20, wherein said first raised feature contactssaid pipe element at an end thereof.
 28. The method according to claim20, wherein said first raised feature contacts said pipe element over aregion in spaced relation to an end thereof.
 29. The method according toclaim 20, further comprising angularly orienting a longitudinal axis ofsaid pipe element with a longitudinal axis of said inner roller.
 30. Themethod according to claim 29, comprising orienting said longitudinalaxis of said pipe element at an orientation angle with respect to saidlongitudinal axis of said inner roller from about 1° to about 3°.
 31. Amethod for forming a region of a pipe element using the roller setaccording to claim 18, said method comprising: positioning said innersurface of said pipe element on said inner roller with said innersurface contacting said second contact width of said second projection;moving said first contact width of said first projection into contactwith said outer surface of said pipe element, said first and second axesbeing substantially parallel with one another; rotating said innerroller, thereby rotating said pipe element and said outer roller; whilerotating said rollers and said pipe element, forcing said inner andouter rollers toward one another to deform said pipe element betweensaid first and second projections.
 32. The method according to claim 31,comprising contacting said inner surface of said pipe element with saidsecond contact width wherein said second contact width is narrower thansaid first contact width.
 33. A roller set for forming regions of a pipeelement having an inner and an outer surface, said roller setcomprising: an inner roller engageable with said inner surface and anouter roller engageable with said outer surface, said outer rollercomprising: an outer roller body rotatable about a first axis; a firstraised feature, engageable with said pipe element and extendingcircumferentially about said outer roller body and projecting radiallyfrom said first axis; a second raised feature, engageable with said pipeelement and extending circumferentially about said outer roller body andprojecting radially from said first axis, said second raised featurebeing positioned adjacent to said first raised feature; said innerroller comprising: an inner roller body rotatable about a second axis; afirst depression extending circumferentially around said inner rollerbody; a second depression extending circumferentially around said innerroller body and positioned adjacent to said first depression; aprojection extending circumferentially around said inner roller body andprojecting radially from said second axis, said projection beingpositioned between said first and second depressions and having a radiusgreater than the radius of a portion of said inner roller proximate tosaid second depression; wherein when said inner and outer rollerscooperate to form said region of said pipe element said first and secondraised features align respectively with said first and seconddepressions.
 34. The roller set according to claim 33, furthercomprising a third raised feature engageable with said pipe element andextending circumferentially about said outer roller body and projectingradially from said first axis, said second raised feature beingpositioned between said first and third raised features.
 35. The rollerset according to claim 33, further comprising a flange extendingcircumferentially around said inner roller body and projectingtransversely to said second axis, said first depression being positionedbetween said second depression and said flange.
 36. A pipe element,comprising: an outer surface surrounding a longitudinal axis; at leastone end; a groove positioned in said outer surface proximate to said atleast one end, said groove extending circumferentially around said pipeelement, said groove comprising: a first side surface proximate to saidat least one end; a floor surface contiguous with said first sidesurface; a second side surface contiguous with said floor surface, saidsecond side surface being in spaced relation to said first side surface;and wherein said first side surface projects radially outwardly beyond aremainder of said outer surface of said pipe element; and a tooling markpositioned in said outer surface and extending circumferentially aroundsaid pipe element.
 37. The pipe element according to claim 36, whereinsaid tooling mark comprises a depression in said outer surface.
 38. Thepipe element according to claim 36, wherein said tooling mark comprisesindicia embossed in said outer surface.
 39. The pipe element accordingto claim 36, wherein said first side surface is oriented substantiallyperpendicularly to said longitudinal axis.
 40. The pipe elementaccording to claim 39, wherein said floor surface is orientedsubstantially parallel to said longitudinal axis.
 41. The pipe elementaccording to claim 40, wherein said second side surface is orientedsubstantially angularly with respect to said longitudinal axis.
 42. Thepipe element according to claim 40, wherein said second side surface isoriented substantially perpendicularly to said longitudinal axis.
 43. Incombination, at least one pipe element according to claim 36 and acoupling, said coupling comprising: a plurality of segments attached endto end surrounding a central space, said at least one pipe element beingreceived within said central space; each of said segments having atleast one key projecting toward said central space, said at least onekey engaging said groove, said at least one key comprising: a first keysurface engaged with said first side surface of said groove; a secondkey surface contiguous with said first key surface and facing said floorsurface of said groove; and a third key surface contiguous with saidsecond key surface, said third key surface facing said second sidesurface of said groove.
 44. The combination according to claims 43wherein said first side surface of said groove and said first keysurface of said at least one key are oriented substantiallyperpendicularly to said longitudinal axis.
 45. The combination accordingto claims 44 wherein said second side surface of said groove and saidthird key surface of said at least one key are oriented angularly tosaid longitudinal axis, said second side surface engaging said third keysurface.
 46. The combination according to claim 45, wherein said thirdkey surface has an orientation angle relative to said longitudinal axisequal to an orientation angle of said second side surface.
 47. Thecombination according to claims 46 wherein said second side surface ofsaid groove and said third key surface of said at least one key areoriented substantially perpendicularly to said longitudinal axis. 48.The combination according to claim 47, wherein said second key surfaceof said at least one key engages said floor surface of said groove. 49.The combination according to claim 43, wherein said coupling furthercomprises connection members positioned at opposite ends of each of saidsegments, said connection members being adjustably tightenable fordrawing said segments toward one another and said at least one key oneach of said segments into engagement with said groove.
 50. Thecombination according to claim 49, wherein said connection members oneach of said segments comprise a pair of projections, one saidprojection being positioned on each of said opposite ends of saidsegments, said projections having holes to receive a fastener, saidfastener being adjustably tightenable.
 51. The combination according toclaim 43, wherein said coupling comprises two of said segments.
 52. Apipe element, comprising: an outer surface surrounding a longitudinalaxis; at least one end; a groove positioned in said outer surfaceproximate to said at least one end, said groove extendingcircumferentially around said pipe element, said groove comprising: afirst side surface proximate to said at least one end, said first sidesurface being substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis; afloor surface contiguous with said first side surface and orientedsubstantially parallel to said longitudinal axis; a second side surfacecontiguous with said floor surface and oriented substantially angularlywith respect to said longitudinal axis; and wherein said first sidesurface projects radially outwardly beyond a remainder of said outersurface of said pipe element and a tooling mark positioned in said outersurface and extending circumferentially around said pipe element. 53.The pipe element according to claim 52, wherein said tooling markcomprises a depression in said outer surface.
 54. The pipe elementaccording to claim 52, wherein said tooling mark comprises indiciaembossed in said outer surface.
 55. In combination, at least one pipeelement according to claim 52 and a coupling, said coupling comprising:a plurality of segments attached end to end surrounding a central space,said at least one pipe element being received within said central space;each of said segments having at least one key projecting toward saidcentral space, said at least one key engaging said groove, said at leastone key comprising: a first key surface oriented substantiallyperpendicularly to said longitudinal axis and engaged with said firstside surface of said groove; a second key surface contiguous with saidfirst key surface and facing said floor surface of said groove; and athird key surface contiguous with said second key surface, said thirdkey surface being angularly oriented with respect to said longitudinalaxis and engaged with said second side surface of said groove.
 56. Thecombination according to claim 55, wherein said third key surface has anorientation angle relative to said longitudinal axis equal to anorientation angle of said second side surface.
 57. The combinationaccording to claim 55, wherein said coupling further comprisesconnection members positioned at opposite ends of each of said segments,said connection members being adjustably tightenable for drawing saidsegments toward one another and said at least one key on each of saidsegments into engagement with said groove.
 58. The combination accordingto claim 57, wherein said connection members on each of said segmentscomprise a pair of projections, one said projection being positioned oneach of said opposite ends of said segments, said projections havingholes to receive a fastener, said fastener being adjustably tightenable.59. The combination according to claim 55, wherein said couplingcomprises two of said segments.
 60. A pipe element, comprising: an outersurface surrounding a longitudinal axis; at least one end; a groovepositioned in said outer surface proximate to said at least one end,said groove extending circumferentially around said pipe element; atleast a portion of said outer surface of said pipe element between saidgroove and said at least one end being a burnished surface.
 61. The pipeelement according to claim 60, further comprising a tooling markpositioned in said outer surface and extending circumferentially aroundsaid pipe element.
 62. The pipe element according to claim 61, whereinsaid tooling mark comprises a depression in said outer surface.
 63. Thepipe element according to claim 61, wherein said tooling mark comprisesindicia embossed in said outer surface.
 64. The pipe element accordingto claim 60, wherein said burnished surface comprises a sealing surfaceengageable with a seal.
 65. The pipe element according to claim 60,wherein said burnished surface is oriented substantially parallel tosaid longitudinal axis.
 66. The pipe element according to claim 65,wherein said burnished surface is positioned in spaced relation awayfrom said at least one end.
 67. The pipe element according to claim 60,wherein said burnished surface has a diameter tolerance substantiallyequal to a diameter tolerance of a floor of said groove.
 68. The pipeelement according to claim 60, wherein said burnished surface has adiameter tolerance from about 20% to about 50% of a diameter toleranceof said pipe element.
 69. The pipe element according to claim 60,wherein said groove comprises: a first side surface proximate to said atleast one end; a floor surface contiguous with said first side surface;a second side surface contiguous with said floor surface, said secondside surface being in spaced relation to said first side surface. 70.The pipe element according to claim 69, wherein said first side surfaceprojects radially outwardly beyond said outer surface of said pipeelement in its entirety.
 71. The pipe element according to claim 70,wherein said first side surface is oriented substantiallyperpendicularly to said longitudinal axis.
 72. The pipe elementaccording to claim 69, wherein said floor surface is orientedsubstantially parallel to said longitudinal axis.
 73. The pipe elementaccording to claim 69, wherein said second side surface is orientedsubstantially angularly with respect to said longitudinal axis.
 74. Thepipe element according to claim 69, wherein said second side surface isoriented substantially perpendicularly to said longitudinal axis.